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Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev ((タタール語:Мирсәет Хәйдәргали улы Солтангалиев), ''Mirsäyet Xäydärğäli ulı Soltanğäliev'', pronounced (:ˌmirsæˈjet xæɪˌdærɣæˈli ulɯ sɔlˌtɑnɣæˈliəf); (ロシア語:Мирсаид Хайдаргалиевич Султан-Галиев) ''Mirsaid Khaydargalievich Sultan-Galiev''; 1892–1940), also known as Mirza Sultan-Galiev, was a Tatar Bolshevik who rose to prominence in the Russian Communist Party in the early 1920s. He was the architect of Muslim "national communism". His views were a direct threat to the policies of the Comintern; he was imprisoned in 1923, and executed in 1940. == Early life and family == Sultan-Galiev, the son of a teacher, was born on July 13, 1892 in the village of Elembet'evo, Ufa Guberniya, Bashkiria, then part of the Russian Empire.〔In a very long, autobiographical letter written shortly after his arrest (around 23 May 1923), Sultan-Galiev wrote, "I was born in Bashkiria in the Bashkir village of Shipaevo (in Russian it is called, I think, Belembeevo, Sterlitamakskii canton)." ''Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev: stati, vystupleniia, dokumenty'', comp. by I.G. Gizzatullin, D.R. Sharafutdinov (Kazan:Tatarskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1992), p. 386.〕 At base, he had a difficult and impoverished childhood: first, as a school teacher, his father made very little money (not nearly enough to support his wife and 12 children) and was frequently transferred from place to place; second, there was considerable, lasting tension between his parents, because they came from very different layers of Tatar society. Sultan-Galiev later wrote, "My mother was the daughter of a princea noblewoman, while my father was a simple "Mishar," and this quite often stung the eyes of my father."〔R. G. Landa, “Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev,” ''Voprosy Istoriia KPSS'' 1999 (8): 56. Mishar (Mişär) Tatars are an ethnic sub-group of the Volga Tatars, speaking a Western dialect of the Tatar language, originating from Mordovia and living in Bashkiria since the late middle ages; for more see Tatars, and scroll down to Mişär Tatars.〕 Though his parents could not afford to send him to a private school, Sultan-Galiev was able to learn a great deal from his father and at the latter's maktab, which followed the "New Method" of maktab teaching founded by Ismail Gasprinski (1851–1914). From a young age Sultan-Galiev studied the Russian language and read many of the Russian classics from his father's library. At his father's school, he studied from age 8 to 15, learning Tatar and Arabic, history, geography, and mathematics, while also receiving a basic understanding of the Qur'an and Sharia. All this, especially his knowledge of Russian, greatly helped him to gain entrance to the Kazan Teachers College (see Tatar State University of Humanities and Education) in 1907.〔Landa, "Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev," pp. 55-56.〕 An avid reader of Russian Literature, he translated works by Tolstoy and Pushkin into the Tatar language. In 1913, he married Rauza Chanysheva, who became a leading figure in the women's movement. They separated after personal problems in 1918. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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